Dm. Edwards et al., INTRINSIC AND SECONDARY MECHANISMS FOR BIQUADRATIC EXCHANGE COUPLING IN MAGNETIC TRILAYERS, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials, 126(1-3), 1993, pp. 380-383
It is shown for a simple model that intrinsic biquadratic exchange is
associated with higher harmonics in the oscillatory exchange coupling.
Consequently it is much smaller than the bilinear exchange and falls
off much more rapidly with increasing temperature. Neither the intrins
ic mechanism nor Slonczewski's secondary mechanism seems to explain th
e strong observed biquadratic exchange in Fe/Al/Fe and a suggestion is
made for resolving the difficulty.