S. Kolodinski et al., QUANTUM EFFICIENCIES EXCEEDING UNITY DUE TO IMPACT IONIZATION IN SILICON SOLAR-CELLS, Applied physics letters, 63(17), 1993, pp. 2405-2407
Absolute measurements demonstrate internal quantum efficiencies in sil
icon solar cells to exceed unity for photon energies above the first d
irect band gap and to show distinct spectral features that correspond
to specific points in the Brillouin zone. Ultraviolet radiation can ge
nerate hot carriers with sufficient energy to cause impact ionization
which results in two electron hole pairs per incident photon.