R. Bernal et F. Ervik, FLORAL BIOLOGY AND POLLINATION OF THE DIOECIOUS PALM PHYTELEPHAS-SEEMANNII IN COLOMBIA - AN ADAPTATION TO STAPHYLINID BEETLES, Biotropica, 28(4), 1996, pp. 682-696
We studied the inflorescence phenology, floral biology,, insect visita
tion, and pollen transport of the vegetable ivory palm Phytelephas see
mannii in tropical rain forest at the Pacific coast of Colombia. Inflo
rescences warm up before and during anthesis. Male inflorescences open
mostly by day and females at night. Visitors include Coleoptera (Stap
hylinidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae), Diptera (Drosoph
ilidae, Sphaeroceridae), Hymenoptera (Apidae, Vespidae), and Acarina,
which are attracted to the male inflorescences by pollen and breeding
opportunities. Female inflorescences apparently offer no reward, and t
hey attract visitors by odor mimicry. Pollination rakes place from daw
n and throughout the daytime, and is mostly carried our by three speci
es of pollen-eating Amazoncharis (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) and by
their predators, Xanthopygus (Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Amazoncha
ris reproduces in the male inflorescences by constructing egg chambers
in the fleshy receptacle of the flowers. This reproductive behavior r
esembles that of beetles in the closely related subtribe Gyrophaenina
that reproduce in fleshy mushrooms, whose spores they eat. We suggest
that the fleshy structure of the male flowers' receptacle in this spec
ies is an adaptation to the pollination by egg chamber constructing Al
aeocharinae.