Us. Inan et al., VLF SIGNATURES OF LIGHTNING-INDUCED HEATING AND IONIZATION OF THE NIGHTTIME D-REGION, Geophysical research letters, 20(21), 1993, pp. 2355-2358
48.5 kHz signals from a transmitter in Silver Creek, Nebraska, propaga
ting to Huntsville (HU), Alabama over a approximately 1200 km Great Ci
rcle Path (GCP) exhibit characteristic amplitude changes which appear
within 20 ms of cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes located within 50 km of t
he path. Data are consistent with the heating of ionospheric electrons
by the electromagnetic (EM) pulse from lightning producing ionization
changes in the D-region over the thunderstorm.