M. Schmalz et al., FERMI-LEVEL PINNING IN TRANSITION-METAL CHALCOGENIDES BY ELECTROCHEMICAL COPPER INTERCALATION IN POTASSIUM TETRATHIOCUPRATE(I), Materials research bulletin, 28(12), 1993, pp. 1311-1318
Topotactic electrochemical intercalation of copper in metallic KCu4S3
leads to formation of semiconducting KCu5S3; this process results in a
core level shift of all elements relative to the Fermi edge as observ
ed by XPS (Fermi level pinning). In agreement with the metal-semicondu
ctor transition a (reversible) hole annihilation in the anion p-band i
s observed by XPS/UPS.