Noninvasive testing is now routine for assessing vascular conditions.
Many noninvasive tests are available for obtaining physiologic and ana
tomic information that is both precise and reproducible. This paper di
scusses noninvasive testing with plethysmography, Doppler ultrasonogra
phy, and duplex scanning for carotid artery occlusive disease, deep ve
nous thrombosis, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease.