SLEEP AFTER SPOUSAL BEREAVEMENT - A STUDY OF RECOVERY FROM STRESS

Aim: In this study, we compared repeated measures of electroencephalog raphic (EEG) sleep and subjective sleep quality in nondepressed, spous ally bereaved elders and a healthy control group, in order to search f or possible psychobiological correlates of bereavement not confounded by concurrent major depression. Method: Laboratory-based EEG sleep stu dies and measures of subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Qualit y Index [PSQI]) were repeated at 3, 6, 11, 18, and 23 months after spo usal bereavement in a study group of 27 elderly volunteers. Data were compared with similar measures from a control group of 27 nonbereaved subjects recorded an three occasions 1 year apart. Repeated-measures a nalysis of variance (ANOVA), using age as a covariate, examined effect s due to time on selected variables in the bereaved group, as well as effects due to group, time, and group-by-time interactions in the expe rimental and control subjects. Results: Bereaved and control groups sh owed consistent differences over time in the phasic measures of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (higher in bereaved subjects during the first and third REM sleep periods), but were similar on all other EEG sleep measures over the 2 years of observation. The bereaved showed a small decline in the percentage of slow-wave sleep over 2 years, but measur es of sleep efficiency, REM latency, and delta sleep ratio were stable and did not differ from values seen in control subjects. Bereaved and control subjects were also similar on subjective sleep quality. Concl usion: During successful adaptation to the loss of a spouse, and in th e absence of major depression, spousal bereavement is associated with elevation in the phasic measures of REM sleep but does not appear to b e associated with other physiologic sleep changes typical of major dep ression when studied at 3 to 23 months after the event. Although this observation does not preclude the possibility of significant sleep dis turbance nearer the time of the event, it suggests that preservation o f normal sleep following a major negative life event may be an importa nt correlate of the resilience seen in successful aging. The elevation in REM density may provide a psychobiological correlate of bereavemen t not confounded by concurrent major depression.