Jm. Trainer et Db. Mcdonald, VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE LONG-TAILED MANAKIN AND ITS RELATION TO MALE-MALE COOPERATION, The Condor, 95(4), 1993, pp. 769-781
We examined the vocal repertoire oflek-mating Long-tailed Manakins (Ch
iroxiphia linearis, Pipridae) in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Males in this
genus are unusual in performing a cooperative courtship display, incl
uding duet songs and coordinated dual-male dance displays. Males give
at least 13 distinct vocalizations, several of which occur in clear be
havioral contexts. By observing the behavioral context and the sequenc
e in which calls were given, we found that the most frequent calls occ
urred during three types of activity: song bouts, dance, and noncourts
hip interactions. The responses of males to playback of six vocalizati
ons indicated that the calls function as much in mediating cooperative
interactions as in expressing male-male agonism. The evolution of the
large vocal repertoire in Long-tailed Manakins may be associated with
their unique social system based on longterm, cooperative relationshi
ps among males.