Indexing, classification, and other aspects of formal systems for acce
ss to documents represent documents and questions in topical terms. Th
e discovery and elaboration of new knowledge generally implies new con
cepts and new connections, thus scholars cannot generate topical descr
iptions of their requirements. Several informal activities generally d
escribed by the term browsing serve scholars by reforming the represen
tation issues in idiosyncratic and functional terms. A conceptual fram
ework for browsing is constructed on issues of the representation of k
nowledge states and documents.