INTERPRETATION OF URINE RESULTS USED TO ASSESS CHEMICAL-EXPOSURE WITHEMPHASIS ON CREATININE ADJUSTMENTS - A REVIEW

This paper reviews the process of elimination of creatinine (CRE), and the limitations presented when using it to express urine concentratio ns. This literature review leads to three conclusions: (1) CRE excreti on is subject to wide fluctuations due to specific internal and extern al factors; (2) the use of CRE to correct chemical concentrations in u rine will not necessarily improve the correlation to the exposure dose for all chemicals (it may, in fact, worsen the result); and (3) other means of expressing urine concentration may offer greater accuracy to wards estimating individually absorbed dose.