Mf. Boeniger et al., INTERPRETATION OF URINE RESULTS USED TO ASSESS CHEMICAL-EXPOSURE WITHEMPHASIS ON CREATININE ADJUSTMENTS - A REVIEW, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal, 54(10), 1993, pp. 615-627
This paper reviews the process of elimination of creatinine (CRE), and
the limitations presented when using it to express urine concentratio
ns. This literature review leads to three conclusions: (1) CRE excreti
on is subject to wide fluctuations due to specific internal and extern
al factors; (2) the use of CRE to correct chemical concentrations in u
rine will not necessarily improve the correlation to the exposure dose
for all chemicals (it may, in fact, worsen the result); and (3) other
means of expressing urine concentration may offer greater accuracy to
wards estimating individually absorbed dose.