Rw. Kulhavy et al., COMPARING ELABORATION AND DUAL CODING THEORIES - THE CASE OF MAPS ANDTEXT, The American journal of psychology, 106(4), 1993, pp. 483-498
In two experiments, undergraduates studied a city map and then heard a
text in which events were associated with map features. Memory for th
e structural properties of the map directly predicted the recall of te
xt events. These results can be explained by a dual coding model, but
not by elaboration theory.