W. Henkel et M. Litzenburger, A SIMPLE MULTILEVEL BLOCK-CODING SCHEME WITH PI 4-QPSK PROPERTIES/, European transactions on telecommunications and related technologies, 4(5), 1993, pp. 489-494
A multilevel block-coded QPSK with a similar envelope and trajectories
as pi/4-QPSK is proposed. Additionally, it is rotationally invariant
and, thus, allows coherent detection. The asymptotic coding gain is 3
dB, whereas the effective coding gain at a bit-error probability of 10
(-6) is around 2 dB against uncoded pi/4-QPSK. The corresponding trell
is of a full maximum-likelihood decoder has only four states, which re
sults in a very low complexity.