Lj. Landau et Rf. Streater, ON BIRKHOFF THEOREM FOR DOUBLY STOCHASTIC COMPLETELY POSITIVE MAPS OFMATRIX ALGEBRAS, Linear algebra and its applications, 193, 1993, pp. 107-127
A study is made of the extreme points of the convex set of doubly stoc
hastic completely positive maps of the matrix algebra M(n). If n = 2 t
he extreme points are precisely the unitary maps, but if n greater-tha
n-or-equal-to 3 there are nonunitary extreme points, examples of which
are exhibited. A tilde operation is defined on the linear maps of M(n
) and used to give an elementary derivation of a result of Kummerer an
d Maassen.