RISK SHARING ON THE LABOR-MARKET AND 2ND-BEST WAGE RIGIDITIES

The starting point of the analysis is that a significant proportion of the labour force is not covered by efficient labour contracts. In par ticular, the non-existence of forward labour contracts limits the oppo rtunity of efficient risk-sharing through private arrangements among y oung labour-suppliers and capital-owners. In such a context, state-dep endent labour taxes and employment subsidies would be required to achi eve ex ante Pareto efficiency. In the absence of employment subsidies, a certain (limited) degree of downward wage rigidity is in general Pa reto superior to full wage flexibility. At the second-best optimum so defined, productive efficiency is sacrificed in some states, in order to achieve greater efficiency in risk-sharing. Thus, the unemployment associated with wage rigidity is inefficient, though voluntary due to the levels of benefits, and second-best efficient. A limited degree of wage discrimination by hiring date is typically part of the second-be st policy.