COMPLICATIONS OF A NORMAL PARTURITION IN THE COW

In this article a number of obstetrical problems is discussed of the c omplicated <<normal>> parturition which is situated in the marginal ar ea between normal and abnormal. It concerns posterior presentation of the calf, dead or weak calf, twin calving, too early start of assistan ce to the delivery, excessive force, an abnormal foetus, an abnormal b irth canal and other complications with the dam. The importance of a t horough examination of the cow is emphasized. As a result of this exam ination the veterinarian is able to estimate the risk for complication s. If these are to be expected he is advised to discuss the different options with the farmer and come to a consensus on the obstetrical pro cedure which will give the optimal economic results. This should reduc e the risk for litigation afterwards.