M. Saakes et al., INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NEGATIVE PLATE OF LEAD ACID CELLS .1. SELECTIONOF ADDITIVES, Journal of power sources, 47(1-2), 1994, pp. 129-147
A procedure is proposed for the selection of inhibitors and expanders
used as additives for the negative plate of the lead/acid battery. Inh
ibitors were selected by performing d.c. and a.c. measurements at pure
metals (Cu, Sb, Ag), which are assumed to act as local active sites f
or the hydrogen-evolution reaction at the negative plate. From this st
udy anisaldehyde was found to show strong preferential adsorption at C
u and Sb. Expanders were selected using a.c. impedance measurements at
a Pb electrode at a low anodic discharge current. Selected expanders
were Indulin C and Na-1-naphtol-4-sulfonate. From the impedance measur
ements information was obtained not only on the expander action but al
so on the effect of the additive on the double layer and the diffusion
properties of lead sulfate. From a study on the concentration depende
nce of the expander (Na-1-naphtol-4-sulfonate) an optimal effect was f
ound at a concentration of about 600 ppm.