Hi. Atrah et al., BLOOD EXCHANGED IN RITUAL CEREMONIES AS A POSSIBLE ROUTE FOR INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS-C VIRUS, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 47(1), 1994, pp. 87-87
Of 52 blood donors (25 men and 27 women) counselled because their dona
tion tested positive for hepatitis C virus antibody, seven (13.5%) gav
e a history of practising the ritual of blood exchange in their childh
ood or early adult life. This practice can cause transmission of blood
borne infections or alloimmunisation, or both.