Ga. Mount et al., A REVIEW OF ULTRALOW-VOLUME AERIAL SPRAYS OF INSECTICIDE FOR MOSQUITO-CONTROL, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 12(4), 1996, pp. 601-618
This review of research on ultralow-volume (ULV) aerial sprays for mos
quito control is a component of an Aerial SPray EXpert system (ASPEX).
Topics include application volume, adulticiding, larviciding, droplet
size, and meteorology. The review discusses the efficacy of ULV aeria
l sprays against many important pest and Vector species of mosquitoes
in a wide range of locations and habitats in the USA and in some count
ries of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Nine conclusions were drawn fr
om this review. 1) ULV applications are as effective for mosquito cont
rol as highly-diluted, water-based sprays. 2) More acres can be spraye
d per aircraft load with the ULV method than with dilute sprays. 3) Hi
gh-altitude ULV sprays using wide or stacked swaths could be used in e
mergencies if wind speed and direction data at appropriate altitudes a
re available to accurately place the spray. 4) Successful adult mosqui
to control can be achieved in dense foliage or open housing with ULV a
erial sprays, but doses of insecticide must be increased 5) ULV aerial
application of mosquito larvicides can be used successfully in large
areas. 6) The optimum droplet size for adult mosquito control is 5-25
mu m volume median diameter (VMD). 7) For mosquito adulticiding, near
optimum atomization of ULV sprays is achieved with flat-fan nozzles or
iented straight down or slightly forward for high-speed aircraft (grea
ter than or equal to 150 mph) or rotary atomizers on slow-speed aircra
ft (<150 mph). 8) Optimum atomization minimizes paint spotting. 9) Max
imum adult mosquito control is achieved just after sunrise and just be
fore sunset with 2-10 mph crosswinds.