Jm. Hughes et Mp. Zalucki, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PGI LOCUS AND THE ABILITY TO FLY AT LOW-TEMPERATURES IN THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY DANAUS-PLEXIPPUS, Biochemical genetics, 31(11-12), 1993, pp. 521-532
Differences in genetic structure of samples of monarch butterflies cau
ght at different times of day have been reported previously. This pape
r compares differences in allele and heterozygote frequencies at the P
gi locus between animals flying early and those flying late in outdoor
flight cages and between animals able and animals unable to fly at a
constant low temperature. There were consistent effects across a numbe
r of tests and in comparisons with field data, especially in males. An
imals with the M allele were more likely to be able to fly at low temp
eratures, to become active early in outdoor flight cages, and to be ca
ught early in the field. Also, differences were observed between males
and females in the effect of allele on flight activity.