Jh. Talaq et al., MINIMUM EMISSIONS POWER-FLOW - THE TIME-INTERVAL APPROACH, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, 16(1), 1994, pp. 17-22
A formulation of the optimal power flow problem to include the minimum
emission objective is presented in this paper. Fuel cost and emission
s such as NO(x) objectives are combined in a single objective through
suitable weightings. The objective is minimized for a whole period of
time of different time intervals and system demands while satisfying a
maximum limit on a constraint, such as the total emissions produced i
n the whole period while minimizing fuel cost, or the total fuel cost
while minimizing emissions.