G(ANH)MTETRA, A NATURAL BACTERIAL-CELL WALL BREAKDOWN PRODUCT, INDUCES INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AND INTERLEUKIN-6 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONOCYTES -A STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINEEXPRESSION
Wha. Dokter et al., G(ANH)MTETRA, A NATURAL BACTERIAL-CELL WALL BREAKDOWN PRODUCT, INDUCES INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AND INTERLEUKIN-6 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONOCYTES -A STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINEEXPRESSION, The Journal of biological chemistry, 269(6), 1994, pp. 4201-4206
It is believed that induction of cytokine expression by bacterial cell
wall components plays a role in the development and course of sepsis.
However, most attention has been focused on lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
We studied the ability of -L-alanyl-D-isoglutamyl-m-diaminopimelyl-D-
alanine (G(Anh)MTetra), a naturally occurring breakdown product of pep
tidoglycan that is produced by soluble lytic transglycosylase of Esche
richia coli, to induce cytokine expression in human monocytes. G(Anh)M
Tetra was found to strongly induce interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 mR
NA expression after 2 h and IL-1 beta and IL-6 protein secretion after
48 h of activation. The increase in mRNA accumulation was at least pa
rtly due to an increase in the transcription rates of the respective g
enes and was accompanied by a strong induction of nuclear factor-kappa
B and activator protein-1 transcription factor expression. Experiment
s using inhibitors of protein kinase C, protein kinase A, and tyrosine
kinase-dependent pathways revealed that G(Anh)MTetra-induced IL-1 bet
a and IL-6 mRNA expression involves activation of an H7-inhibitable pa
thway. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, it was
shown that G(Anh)MTetra-induced IL-6 mRNA expression depends on the sy
nthesis of new protein, whereas G(Anh)MTetra-induced IL-1 beta mRNA ac
cumulation does not. When responses to G(Anh)MTetra were compared with
those to LPS and muramyldipeptide (MDP), it was found that the optima
l response to G(Anh)MTetra induction was similar to that of LPS but si
gnificantly higher than the response to MDP. Furthermore, maximal G(An
h)MTetra-induced IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA expression could be enhanced
by co stimulation with LPS or MDP, suggesting that different receptors
and/or transduction pathways were involved. These results indicate th
at G(Anh)MTetra induces IL-1 beta and IL-6 expression in human monocyt
es suggesting a possible role for G(Anh)MTetra in the release of cytok
ines during sepsis.