LATE WINTER SURVIVAL OF FEMALE MALLARDS IN ARKANSAS

Determining factors that limit winter survival of waterfowl is necessa ry to develop effective management plans. We radiomarked immature and adult female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the 1988 and 1989 hun ting seasons in eastcentral Arkansas to test whether natural mortality sources and habitat conditions during late winter limit seasonal surv ival. We used data from 92 females to calculate survival estimates. We observed no mortalities during 2,510 exposure days, despite differenc es in habitat conditions between years. We used the binomial distribut ion to calculate daily and 30-day survival estimates plus 95% confiden ce intervals of 0.9988 less-than-or-equal-to 0.9997 less-than-or-equal -to 1.00 and 0.9648 less-than-or-equal-to 0.9925 less-than-or-equal-to 1.00, respectively. Our data indirectly support the hypothesis that h unting mortality and habitat conditions during the hunting season are the major determinants of winter survival for female mallards in Arkan sas.