R. Cabeza et A. Carlosena, ANALOG UNIVERSAL ACTIVE DEVICE - THEORY, DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS, Analog integrated circuits and signal processing, 12(2), 1997, pp. 153-168
This paper introduces the concept of what we call analog Universal Act
ive Device (UAD), as a step forward from Operational Amplifiers and ot
her recently proposed active devices. The model for such a device is n
othing but a two port classically known as Nullor. To obtain practical
implementations of the UAD, or Nullor, a unified aproach is proposed.
The basis of the approach is the use of a single cell consisting of a
voltage and current buffer, also known as negative second-generation
Current Conveyor (CCII-). We obtained the four most simple implementat
ions for the UAD as a paradigm of more complex ones. Non ideal effects
of these practical implementations are theoretically analysed, partic
ularly parasitic impedances associated to the interconnections of the
CCII- cells, and then their influence in some simple amplifier stages.
It is demonstrated that while any UAD implementation can be used in a
given application, its performance is strongly dependent on its imple
mentation. Also, a novel floating structure for a General Impedance Co
nvener (GIC) type impedance, containing two UADs, is suggested. Simula
tion results are given supporting the ideas presented here.