Jj. Langenfeld et al., ROLE OF MODIFIERS FOR ANALYTICAL-SCALE SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTIONOF ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES, Analytical chemistry, 66(6), 1994, pp. 909-916
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using eight different CO2 + organ
ic modifier mixtures and one ternary mixture (CO2 + methanol/toluene)
at two different concentrations (1 and 10% v/v) was performed on two c
ertified reference materials including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs
) from river sediment and dolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from
urban air particulate matter. The modifier identity was moire importa
nt than modifier concentration for increasing extraction efficiencies.
Acidic/basic modifiers including methanol, acetic acid, and aniline g
reatly enhanced the extraction of PCBs. Low molecular weight PAHs were
best extracted with modifiers including aniline, acetic acid, acetoni
trile, methanol/toluene, hexane, and diethylamine. In contrast, modifi
ers capable of dipole-induced dipole interactions and pi-pi interactio
ns such as toluene, diethylamine, and methylene chloride were the best
modifiers to use for SFE of high molecular weight PAHs from air parti
culates. In general, increasing the modifier concentration from 1 to 1
0% (v/v) had little effect on PCB and low molecular weight PAH recover
ies, although the recoveries of high molecular weight PAHs from urban
air particulate matter were enhanced significantly at the higher modif
ier concentration. Although there is no definite theory that explains
modifier selection for SFE, it appears that modifiers should be select
ed on the basis of matrix characteristics and the target analytes.