The Canadian comparative advantage is determined by maximization of fo
reign earnings subject to input-output relations between 29 industries
and 92 commodities. Free trade would boost the mining, quarrying & oi
l wells. tobacco, and machinery sectors. The structure of the economy
is not self-sufficient. as a necessary and sufficient price condition
shows. When commodities are aggregated to the 29 sectors, the shadow p
rices to the programs fulfill the value equations of input-output anal
ysis and admit a decomposition of Canadian inefficiency in 5% X-ineffi
ciency, 15% allocative inefficiency, and 80% international specializat
ion mismatch.