We have demonstrated efficient conversion of ultrashort-pulse laser en
ergy to x rays with energies above 1 keV, using laser-produced plasmas
generated on a variety of microstructured surfaces. Lithographically
produced grating targets generated 0.1 mJ of kilo-electron-volt x rays
, and porous gold and aluminum targets emitted 1 mJ. This represents a
n improvement of a factor of 100 over flat targets. The K-shell emissi
on spectrum of porous aluminum was composed primarily of heliumlike sp
ectral lines.