Ca. Sims et Rp. Bates, EFFECTS OF SKIN FERMENTATION TIME ON THE PHENOLS, ANTHOCYANINS, ELLAGIC ACID SEDIMENT, AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF A RED VITIS-ROTUNDIFOLIA WINE, American journal of enology and viticulture, 45(1), 1994, pp. 56-62
Noble muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) were harvested at two stag
es of maturity (optimum, based on full color and flavor development an
d pH below 3.3, and 14 days later) and either pressed immediately for
a blush wine or fermented on the skins for two, four, or six days. Red
wines from more mature grapes had greater color intensity and higher
levels of anthocyanins, total phenols, and non-polymeric phenols. Wine
s from the more mature grapes had higher levels of the 3,5-diglucoside
s of peonidin (Pn) and malvidin (Mv), and lower levels of delphinidin
(Dp), cyanidin (Cy), and petunidin (Pt). Maximum color and anthocyanin
extraction occurred within four days of skin fermentation with the op
timum maturity fruit, but continued through day six with later maturit
y fruit. However, wines fermented on the skins for four or six days ha
d less muscadine aroma intensity and were more astringent. Skin fermen
tation time had little effect on the distribution of anthocyanins, alt
hough the immediate press wines had lower levels of Dp and Mv and high
er levels of Cy and Pn. Total, non-polymeric and polymeric phenol leve
ls increased with increasing skin fermentation time, but the polymeric
phenol levels and anthocyanin polymerization were generally low in al
l wines.