Transient folding intermediates have been monitored in 11 proteins by
pulsed hydrogen exchange methods. Standard hydrogen isotope exchange k
inetics have also been measured for several molten globules. Taken tog
ether with folding kinetics detected by optical techniques, and with h
ydrogen exchange kinetics in native proteins, the results permit concl
usions about time constants, structure and stability of folding interm
ediates, and about parallel versus serial folding pathways.