In 1932 Piaget theorized that ideal reciprocity is the underlying cogn
itive operation that makes the understanding and appreciation of forgi
veness possible. Basing our analysis on modern philosophical inquiry,
empirical study, and theory, we propose that abstract identity rather
than ideal reciprocity underlies forgiveness. We argue the philosophic
al and psychological adequacy of abstract identity and consider the si
gnificance of forgiveness within human development.