AN EARLY HISTORY OF GENE-TRANSFER AND THERAPY

The term ''gene therapy'' was coined to distinguish it from the Orwell ian connotations of ''human genetic engineering,'' which, in turn, was derived from the term ''genetic engineering.'' Genetic engineering wa s first used at the Sixth International Congress of Genetics held in 1 932 and was taken to mean ''the application of genetic principles to a nimal and plant breeding.'' Once the basics of molecular genetics and gene transfer in bacteria were established in the 1960s, gene transfer into animals and humans using either viral vectors and/or genetically modified cultured cells became inevitable, Despite the early expositi on of the concept of gene therapy, progress awaited the advent of reco mbinant DNA technology. The lack of trustworthy techniques did not sto p many researchers from attempting to transfer genes into cells in cul ture, animals, and humans. Viral genomes were used for the development of the first relatively efficient methods for gene transfer into mamm alian cells in culture. In the late 1970s, early transfection techniqu es were combined with selection systems for cultured cells and recombi nant DNA technology. With the development of retroviral vectors in the early 1980s, the possibility of efficient gene transfer into mammalia n cells for the purpose of gene therapy became widely accepted.