DNA-DNA HYBRIDIZATION EVIDENCE FOR SUBFAMILY STRUCTURE AMONG HUMMINGBIRDS

We used DNA-DNA hybridization to determine large-scale phylogenetic st ructure among hummingbirds (Trochilidae). Analyses of complete matrice s of DELTAT(m) and DELTAT(mode) statistics among eight hummingbird gen era and a swift generated the same fully resolved topology, which boot strapping and jackknifing analyses supported at the 100% level. The da ta are consistent with monophyly for the traditional hermit (Phaethorn ithinae) and non-hermit (Trochilinae) subfamilies, and with placement of the hermitlike Tooth-billed Hummingbird (Androdon aequatorialis) an d Green-fronted Lancebill (Doryfera ludoviciae) among trochilines. Amo ng the trochilines examined, D. ludoviciae is more closely related to the Sparkling Violet-ear (Colibri coruscans) than to A. aequatorialis, and the Collared Inca (Coeligena torquata) is the sister group to the se three. Among the hermits examined, the White-tipped Sicklebill (Eut oxeres aquila) represents the first branch, followed by the White-whis kered Hermit (Phaethornis yaruqui), and the closely related Bronzy Her mit (Glaucis aenea) and Bandtailed Barbthroat (Threnetes ruckeri). Evo lutionary rate estimates from DELTAT(m) trees corrected for nonadditiv ity indicate significant rate variation among lineages. Calibration of divergence times with the earliest-known fossil swift suggests that t he diverse Andean radiation of trochilines is comprised of at least tw o lineages (C. torquata, D. ludoviciae/C. coruscans) whose origins dat e to a period of uplift during the mid-Miocene.