A formulation of the optimal power flow problem to include the minimum
emission objective is presented in this paper. Fuel cost and emission
s such as NO(X) objectives are included in the formulation. Emissions
can also be included as constraints. The trade-off relation between fu
el cost and emissions is also studied in this paper. Optimizing the ob
jective for a whole period of time of different time intervals and sys
tem demands while satisfying a maximum limit on a constraint, such as
the total emissions produced in the whole period while minimizing fuel
cost, or the total fuel cost while minimizing emissions, is also cove
red in the study.