PRESIDENTS, ADVISERS, AND FOREIGN-POLICY - THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP-STYLE ON EXECUTIVE ARRANGEMENTS

How does a president's leadership style influence the nature of his ad visory system? This paper examines how the president's work habits, th e ways he likes to receive information, the people he prefers around h im, and how he makes up his mind are all key to understanding the mann er in which the White House is organized. A survey of the literature l inking leadership style to advisory systems revealed five characterist ics that seem important to shaping what kinds of advisers are selected and how they are constituted. Building on these five characteristics, we develop a typology indicating how presidents prefer to coordinate policy and the degree of control they need over the policy-making proc ess. Recent presidents are classified and discussed using this typolog y.