Ba. Andreev et al., COPPER IN ULTRA-PURE GERMANIUM - DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE FRACTION, Semiconductor science and technology, 9(5), 1994, pp. 1050-1053
This paper reports direct measurement of the total Cu concentration an
d its electrically active fraction in ultra-pure Ge crystals. The frac
tion of electrically active Cu atoms is shown to be 3 x 10(-3) in hydr
ogen-grown Ge and 3 x 10(-2) in vacuum-grown Ge. The state of Cu in ul
tra-pure Ge crystals and the passivation of electrically active Cu-rel
ated centres by hydrogen are discussed.