Ep. George et al., CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING, AND ALLOY DESIGN OF NIAL-BASED SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOYS, Materials characterization, 32(3), 1994, pp. 139-160
The microstructures and phase transformations in binary Ni-Al, ternary
Ni-Al-Fe, and quaternary Ni-Al-Fe-Mn shape memory alloys (SMAs) were
investigated by light and electron microscopy, electron and X-ray diff
raction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of alloyin
g additions (B, Fe, and Mn) on martensite stability, shape recovery, a
nd tensile ductility were also studied. NiAl-based SMAs can be made du
ctile by alloying with B for enhanced grain boundary cohesion and Fe f
or improved bulk properties. Iron has the undesirable effect that it d
ecreases the martensite --> austenite transformation temperatures (A(p
)). Fortunately, A(p) can be increased by decreasing the ''equivalent'
' Al content of the alloy. In this way, a high A(p) temperature of app
roximately 190-degrees-C has been obtained without sacrificing ductili
ty. Recoverable strains of approximately 0.7% have been obtained in a
Ni-Al-Fe alloy with A(p) temperature of approximately 140-degrees-C. M
anganese additions (2-10%) lower A(p), degrade hot workability, and de
crease room temperature ductility. Good-quality, ductile SMA ribbons h
ave been produced by melt spinning. However, additional alloy design i
s required to suppress the aging-induced embrittlement caused by Ni5Al
3 formation.