The output-grating-coupler sensor was used for real-time studies of th
e adsorption of the proteins avidin, NeutrAvidin, and streptavidin. Th
e feasibility of affinity sensing with subnanomolar detection limit wa
s demonstrated with biotin-BSA (bovine serum albumin) as analyte bindi
ng to immobilized (adsorbed) avidins on the waveguide surface. Not onl
y the surface coverage but also both the thicknesses and refractive in
dices of the adsorbed and bound adlayers were determined.