Jd. Licht et al., MAPPING AND MUTAGENESIS OF THE AMINO-TERMINAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION DOMAIN OF THE DROSOPHILA KRUPPEL PROTEIN, Molecular and cellular biology, 14(6), 1994, pp. 4057-4066
We previously demonstrated that the Drosophila Kruppel protein is a tr
anscriptional repressor with separable DNA-binding and transcriptional
repression activities. In this study, the minimal amino (N)-terminal
repression region of the Kruppel protein was defined by transferring r
egions of the Kruppel protein to a heterologous DNA-binding protein, t
he lacI protein. Fusion of a predicted alpha-helical region from amino
acids 62 to 92 in the N terminus of the Kruppel protein was sufficien
t to transfer repression activity. This putative alpha-helix has sever
al hydrophobic surfaces, as well as a glutamine-rich surface. Mutants
containing multiple amino acid substitutions of the glutamine residues
demonstrated that this putative or-helical region is essential for re
pression activity of a Kruppel protein containing the entire N-termina
l and DNA-binding regions. Furthermore, one point mutant with only a s
ingle glutamine on this surface altered to lysine abolished the abilit
y of the Kruppel protein to repress, indicating the importance of the
amino acid at residue 86 for repression. The N terminus also contained
an adjacent activation region localized between amino acids 86 and 11
7. Finally, in accordance with predictions from primary amino acid seq
uence similarity, a repression region from the Drosophila even-skipped
protein, which was six times more potent than that of the Kruppel pro
tein in the mammalian cells, was characterized. This segment included
a hydrophobic stretch of 11 consecutive alanine residues and a proline
-rich region.