Me. Richardson, THE ETIOLOGY OF LATE LOWER ARCH CROWDING ALTERNATIVE TO MESIALLY DIRECTED FORCES - A REVIEW, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 105(6), 1994, pp. 592-597
The causes of late crowding in the lower arch alternative to mesially
directed forces are reviewed under the headings: late mandibular growt
h, skeletal structure and complex growth pattern, soft tissue maturati
on, periodontal forces, tooth structure, occlusal factors, and connect
ive tissue changes. A multifactorial basis for late lower arch crowdin
g seems likely.