WATERS,RALPH,M. AND SWEDISH ANESTHESIOLOGY

Swedish anesthesiology is greatly indebted to the preeminent American anesthesiologist, and first professor of anesthesiology in the world, Ralph M. Waters. It was in part because of the influence and teaching of this great pioneer that modern anesthesiology became firmly establi shed in Sweden. Approximately 60 residents were trained by Dr Waters. They later became chairmen of their own university departments of anes thesia and preached and practiced the Waters gospel of professionalism in academic anesthesiology. Among these were four Swedes: Olle Friber g, Eric Nilsson, Karl-Gustav Dhuner and the author Through these Swedi sh pioneers and their numerous disciples, Waters had a profound influe nce on the development of Swedish anesthesia. The author reports his p ersonal memories from his contact with Ralph Waters.