A numerical model for analyzing backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) opera
ting near the upper edge of the transmission band is presented. The mo
del is used to calculate starting currents for two finite length devic
es, an X-band BWO (f = 8.4 GHz) and a J-band BWO (f = 5.5 GHz). The op
erating frequency and efficiency predicted by the nonlinear numerical
simulations are compared with experimental data for each device.