The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has resulted in incre
ased options for the management of bile duct stones and has stimulated
a fundamental reappraisal of the situation before the laparoscopic er
a. This article reviews the natural history of bile duct stones and de
tails the different ways in which they may now be treated. New areas o
f controversy are highlighted and the need for further studies is emph
asized.