Jg. Berryman, ROLE OF POROSITY IN ESTIMATES OF COMPOSITE ELASTIC-CONSTANTS, Journal of offshore mechanics and Arctic engineering, 116(2), 1994, pp. 87-96
The presence of small amounts of residual void space (on the order of
one percent by volume) is sufficient to make estimates of composite el
astic constants (obtained while ignoring this porosity) violate the Ha
shin-Shtrikman bounds in many cases. Experimental values failing below
the incorrectly estimated lower bound is the normal direction of viol
ation, but erroneous neglect of porosity in ''pure'' samples can also
lead to experimental values rising above the incorrectly computed uppe
r bound. Examples are presented to illustrate the nature of the error
and methods of correcting it for data on composite ceramics. The resul
t is improved agreement between the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, effective
medium theory estimates, and experimental data.