Researchers have examined moral thought using selected philosophical s
tandards without showing that such standards represent moral thinking.
Recently, we examined the extent to which assumed standards actually
organize moral knowledge (Quinn, Houts, & Graesser, this issue). We fo
und dimensions not accounted for by previous theories. In his response
(this issue), Shaffer misrepresents the aims of our research, and he
overlooks the implications of assessing naturalistic rather than presc
ribed dimensions of morality.