Z. Sroubek et al., ION EMISSION FROM AN ELECTRONICALLY PERTURBED SOLID-SURFACE, Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms, 88(4), 1994, pp. 365-368
A general theoretical expression for P+, the fraction of ionized parti
cles sputtered from an electronically excited substrate is derived. Th
e substrate excitation is described in terms of a time dependent T-mat
rix at the Fermi energy. To illustrate the effect of substrate excitat
ions more explicitly a simple formula for P+ is derived under the assu
mption that the particle is sputtered at a very low velocity.