This paper introduces the ideas of neural networks in the context of c
urrently recognized cellular structures within neurons. Neural network
models and paradigms require adaptation of synapses for learning to o
ccur in the network. Some models of learning paradigms require informa
tion to move from axon to dendrite. This motivated us to examine the p
ossibility of intracellular signaling to mediate such signals. The cyt
oskeleton forms a substrate for intracellular signaling via material t
ransport and other putative mechanisms. Furthermore, many experimental
results suggest a link between the cytoskeleton and cognitive process
ing. In this paper we review research on intracellular signaling in th
e context of neural network learning.