R. Bonifacio et al., SPECTRUM, TEMPORAL STRUCTURE, AND FLUCTUATIONS IN A HIGH-GAIN FREE-ELECTRON LASER STARTING FROM NOISE, Physical review letters, 73(1), 1994, pp. 70-73
We study the time structure, the frequency composition, and the shot t
o shot fluctuations of the radiation emitted by a free-electron laser
starting from shot noise in the electron beam longitudinal distributio
n, taking into account slippage and finite bunch length effects. We fi
nd a very different behavior when the bunch length, l(b), is much long
er than the cooperation length, l(c), or of the order of a few l(c). T
he field evolution is dominated by slippage effects in both cases, and
shows the presence of superradiant spikes.