We present the first subpicosecond time-resolved temperature measureme
nts of plasmas produced by high-intensity optical ionization. Thomson
scattering is used to measure electron and ion temperatures of helium
plasmas created by 125 fs, 800 nm laser pulses focused to an intensity
of 2 x 10(17) W/cm2. We find that the electron temperature is accurat
ely predicted by a tunneling ionization model. The measured ion temper
ature is consistent with direct heating by the laser pulse.