Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation results in dosage compensation for
X-linked genes. More than 30 years after its discovery, the molecular
bases of this inactivation are being revealed. Multiple mechanisms ar
e responsible for the initiation of this developmental event and the m
aintenance of the inactive state. Somatic cellular mosaicism, which is
the genetic consequence of X-chromosome inactivation, has a profound
influence on the phenotype of mammalian females.