R. Andersonsprecher et al., ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING - A BRIEF REVIEW, Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology, 4(2), 1994, pp. 115-131
Proper application of statistical principles at the outset of an envir
onmental study can make the difference between an effective, efficient
study and wasted resources. This review distills some of the thoughts
current among environmental scientists from a variety of backgrounds
and organizes them according to statistical principles. Collection and
review of preliminary information is important for guiding sampling d
esign. Problems must be carefully defined before rational sample selec
tion is possible. Many potential sources of variability exist, and as
many of these sources as possible should be identified, assessed, and,
ideally, minimized. Sample selection itself will depend on the precis
e questions that are to be addressed by the study and on what assumpti
ons can be reasonably made about structures and patterns of contaminan
ts in the field. Careful specification of protocols for sample procure
ment are needed Choices of statistical analyses will depend on how dat
a are collected, and intended analyses should be predetermined as part
of the sampling plan. Proper attention to these principles will subst
antially increase the quality and efficiency of an environmental sampl
ing program.