The International Breast Cancer Study Group (formerly the Ludwig Group
) has conducted nine clinical trials since 1978 (see the Appendix for
participants and authors). Biologic hypotheses related to the combined
use of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in women with operable brea
st cancer were tested. Questions of timing of chemotherapy with respec
t to tumor surgery and late introduction of chemotherapy were also eva
luated. Ongoing and future trials continue in this tradition to invest
igate combinations of available endocrine therapies and cytotoxic agen
ts.